A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron. The process involves the reduction of iron ore into molten iron in the presence of a combination of heat, carbon monoxide, and a fluxing agent, typically limestone. Here's a simplified overview of how a blast furnace works: Charging the Furnace: Iron ore (usually in the form of iron oxides like hematite or magnetite), coke (carbonized coal), and flux (usually limestone) are loaded into the top of the furnace. Heating and Reduction: A blast of hot air, enriched with oxygen, is blown into the bottom of the furnace using a pair of bellows or modern blast equipment. The oxygen reacts with the coke to produce carbon monoxide in a combustion reaction: 2 C + O 2 → 2 CO 2 C + O 2 → 2 CO . This carbon monoxide is a reducing agent, which reacts with the iron ore, reducing the iron oxides to molten iron: Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2 .
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